{"id":9118,"date":"2026-06-18T08:07:04","date_gmt":"2026-06-18T06:07:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/?p=9118"},"modified":"2026-06-18T08:11:03","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T06:11:03","slug":"why-failure-rates-tell-only-part-of-the-story","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/2026\/06\/why-failure-rates-tell-only-part-of-the-story\/","title":{"rendered":"Stressed to the Max: Why Failure Rates Tell Only Part of the Story"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"Introduction-to-Stress-Factors\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-local-id=\"73d645c14a42\" data-renderer-start-pos=\"4989\"><span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">Introduction to Stress Factors<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>As a consultancy working on a wide variety of safety and reliability projects, we spend a lot of our time looking at failure rates and failure probabilities. In the world of electronic hardware<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">,<\/span><\/span> there are numerous excellent sources defining failure rates<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">,<\/span><\/span> e.g. FIDES, 217Plus, IEC 61709<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">,<\/span><\/span> and the now<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span>retired (or rather integrated into ISO 26262) IEC TR 62380. For software<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">,<\/span><\/span> there are also sources that can be used to estimate reliability, although it is a difficult subject. <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">R<\/span><\/span>egarding reliability, there are complex strategies in software reliability growth models that can be applied<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">,<\/span><\/span> e.g. those described by Neufelder: <a href=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/2022\/06\/how-reliable-is-your-software-growth\/\">How reliable is your software growth? \u00bb Lorit Consultancy<\/a><\/p>\n<p>However, an area that is often given less focus than it perhaps should is the impact of mechanical and environmental stress. In this blog<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">,<\/span><\/span> we look at how these topics are handled in existing standards and how practical strategies can be used to include these topics in analyses.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9119\" src=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.44.55-1024x683.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.44.55-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.44.55-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w, https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.44.55-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.44.55-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.44.55-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Source: Adobe Stock<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Key-Reliability-Factors\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-local-id=\"e78609e27186\" data-renderer-start-pos=\"5950\"><span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">Key <\/span><\/span>Reliability Factors<\/h2>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"5975\" data-local-id=\"b24136e199c5\">The typical stress sources that impact devices during normal operational use, as listed in FIDES 2022<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">, are:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ak-ul\" data-local-id=\"b8ee2719-0550-42f4-9fb5-cc4f58b034d1\" data-indent-level=\"1\">\n<li>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6086\" data-local-id=\"4fd2688364e1\">Temperature<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6101\" data-local-id=\"872f3a54dd25\">Electrical <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">stress<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6122\" data-local-id=\"d3e752eb8a35\">Thermal cycling<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6141\" data-local-id=\"b05065fd5d8d\">Mechanical <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">stress<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6162\" data-local-id=\"41b82424032a\">Humidity<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6174\" data-local-id=\"225fb803bf7e\">Chemical <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">exposure<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6195\" data-local-id=\"3cb09cb34d74\">Additional factors that induce stress <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">include:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ak-ul\" data-local-id=\"52126406-73da-4a2e-b87c-973b3323af58\" data-indent-level=\"1\">\n<li>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6245\" data-local-id=\"3e1533f202cf\">Placement <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">&#8211; <\/span><\/span>the item<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">&#8216;s <\/span><\/span>position in the equipment.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6298\" data-local-id=\"f4ea903ef00b\"><span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">A<\/span><\/span>pplication &#8211; the <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">operating<\/span><\/span> environment<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\"> in which the item is<\/span><\/span> used.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6368\" data-local-id=\"ffd2240d8b15\"><span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">R<\/span><\/span>uggedizing &#8211; the level of overstress sensitivity buil<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">t <\/span><\/span>into the item.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"6442\" data-local-id=\"0df7316c3484\"><span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">S<\/span><\/span>ensitivity &#8211; the overstress sensitivity inherent to the technology of the item.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"Typical-Analysis-Criteria.1\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-local-id=\"3aa9c4bcca7f\" data-renderer-start-pos=\"6526\">Typical Analysis Criteria<\/h2>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"9410\" data-local-id=\"fe033cde-fd5b-433b-8b3b-73a1f62d45f6\">For most analyses, <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">only<\/span><\/span> a subset of the factors <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">listed <\/span><\/span>above <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">is<\/span><\/span> utilized. Thermal stress based on a mission profile is the most common <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">approach<\/span><\/span>, yielding the Arrhenius relationship over the full temperature range<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">, a<\/span><\/span>s indicated below for a Schottky diode.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9121\" src=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Diode.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"574\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Figure 1. HRC.1913 &#8211; Diode, Schottky, 60V, 1A, SOD-123W (<span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">Isograph)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Thermal cycling is used in assessing materials such as conformal coatings to ensure <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">that<\/span><\/span> the coating is still effective<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\"> after <\/span><\/span>this preconditioning. <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">This testing is often performed <\/span><\/span>over a wide temperature range, <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">for example from <\/span><\/span>\u221240\u00b0C to +125\u00b0C, with a transition time of 30 seconds <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">between temperature extremes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Sweating-it-out-over-Humidity\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-local-id=\"da6eb5995d1a\" data-renderer-start-pos=\"7126\">Sweating it out over Humidity<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9123\" src=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.19.18-1024x683.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"461\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.19.18-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.19.18-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.19.18.jpeg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 461px) 100vw, 461px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Source: Adobe Stock<\/em><\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"7181\" data-local-id=\"5429d6a93a53\">Relative humidity is a factor that is dependent on knowing 3 key characteristics<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">: <\/span><\/span>the humidity outside the equipment, the temperature outside the equipment<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">, <\/span><\/span>and the temperature rise inside the equipment.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"7386\" data-local-id=\"ef505108ccdd\">Humidity can play a role in impacting other stress factors<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">. F<\/span><\/span>or example, low humidity can significantly increase the charge build up and hence the electorstatic discharge (ESD) voltage magnitude. <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">As relative humidity increases <\/span><\/span>from 10% to 75%, <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">an order-of-magnitude reduction in <\/span><\/span>ESD voltage is possible, with all other reference conditions remaining constant.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"7386\" data-local-id=\"ef505108ccdd\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"content_section blue_bg blog_trenner_section\"><div class=\"row align-center medium-align-spaced\"><div class=\"columns border_solid_square post_thumbnail small-10 medium-5 large-3\"><div  data-ratio=\"1.3476454293629\" class=\"\"><picture><source media=\"(min-width:1024px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/alastair-walker.webp\" width=\"722\" height=\"973\" type=\"image\/webp\" ><source media=\"(min-width:640px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/alastair-walker.webp\" width=\"722\" height=\"973\" type=\"image\/webp\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/alastair-walker-640x640.webp\" alt=\"Owner & Consultant\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" type=\"image\/webp\" ><\/picture><svg version=\"1.1\" id=\"svg_border_solid_square\" class=\"svg_border_solid_square\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\"\n\t viewBox=\"0 0 337 411.2\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 337 411.2;\" xml:space=\"preserve\">\n<polygon id=\"bg\" class=\"bg\" points=\"65,332.6 337,332.6 336.9,411.2 3.6,411.2 \"\/>\n<path id=\"border\" class=\"border\" d=\"M334,329.6V5.9c0-1.6-1.3-2.9-2.9-2.9l0,0L5.9,3.1C4.3,3.1,3,4.3,3,6v400.8c0,1.6,0.8,1.9,1.8,0.6\n\tl59.6-74.7l266.6-0.1C332.7,332.5,333.9,331.2,334,329.6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/div><div class=\"image_bottom_content\"><p>Alastair Walker, Owner \/ Consultant<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"columns post_content small-12 medium-6 large-7\"><p data-renderer-start-pos=\"16050\" data-local-id=\"14470033-1d0b-409b-8fb0-2901633101ee\">If your product operates in demanding environments, standard failure-rate predictions may not tell the full story. <a class=\"_ymio1r31 _ypr0glyw _zcxs1o36 _mizu1v1w _1ah3dkaa _ra3xnqa1 _128mdkaa _1cvmnqa1 _4davt94y _4bfu1r31 _1hms8stv _ajmmnqa1 _vchhusvi _kqswh2mm _ect4ttxp _syaz13af _1a3b1r31 _4fpr8stv _5goinqa1 _f8pj13af _9oik1r31 _1bnxglyw _jf4cnqa1 _30l313af _1nrm1r31 _c2waglyw _1iohnqa1 _9h8h12zz _10531ra0 _1ien1ra0 _n0fx1ra0 _1vhv17z1\" title=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/contact-us\/#wpcf7-f4221-p4082-o1\" href=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/contact-us\/#wpcf7-f4221-p4082-o1\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-is-router-link=\"false\" data-testid=\"link-with-safety\">Contact our experts<\/a> to identify the most critical stress factors affecting your product&#8217;s performance.<\/p>\n<a class=\"add_logo_border\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/standards\/medical-devices\/iec60601\/\"><span>Learn more<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"single_content_section single_post_section content_section\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"post_content columns\"><\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"7747\" data-local-id=\"e0094e68b9ed\">Sometimes humidity<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">-related<\/span><\/span> stress factors are integrated into predified mission profiles. <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">However, <\/span><\/span>from the standards listed above<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">, <\/span><\/span>FIDES has a good approach, using Pecks equation<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">, <\/span><\/span>a stress factor can be defined <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">as a function <\/span><\/span>based both on humidity and temperature.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"8014\" data-local-id=\"b87c4e8daef1\">Humidity reduces with increasing temperature and likewise with increasing altitude.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"9838\" data-local-id=\"a21289eb-10c8-45cd-b046-c5fafcc196dd\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9125\" src=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Screenshot-2026-06-17-233535.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Screenshot-2026-06-17-233535.png 919w, https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Screenshot-2026-06-17-233535-768x507.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"9838\" data-local-id=\"a21289eb-10c8-45cd-b046-c5fafcc196dd\"><em>Figure 2. Relation between temperature and humidity<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Having-a-Certain-Chemistry\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-local-id=\"f7da4a2ff640\" data-renderer-start-pos=\"8102\">Having a Certain Chemistry<\/h2>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"8130\" data-local-id=\"8291cf17f753\">Chemical stress can accelerate other stress factors and can impact insulation materials<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">, <\/span><\/span>having a significant detrimental impact on solid insulation materials. Cleaning of products with more aggressive cleaning materials is another factor that comes into play. This is also a factor in FIDES when looking at printed circuit boards, where multiple chemical stress factors are introduced<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">: <\/span><\/span>saline (continental or co<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">a<\/span><\/span>stal area), hermetically sealed, the application pollution level (from inhabited area to engine area), and the environmental pollution level (from rural to urban industrial area).<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"8724\" data-local-id=\"755123ca9d39\">Chemical stress is modelled qualitatively<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">,<\/span><\/span> as a physical model is difficult to realise for chemical stress.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Good-Vibrations\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-local-id=\"9c2ad5160394\" data-renderer-start-pos=\"8835\">Good Vibrations<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9127\" src=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.06.21-1024x341.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"573\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.06.21-1024x341.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.06.21-768x256.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Unbenannt-12.-Juni-2026-um-10.06.21.jpeg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 573px) 100vw, 573px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Source: Adobe Stock<\/em><\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"8876\" data-local-id=\"4135ca09cd9d\">Vibration is the 3rd factor we would like to highlight in relation to mechanical stress. The Basquin equation <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">is <\/span><\/span>used to relate vibration amplitude to the risk of failure in PCBs. However<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">, <\/span><\/span>not all vibration<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">-induced<\/span><\/span> failures result from fatigue, which is the relationship defined in the Basquin equation.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"9181\" data-local-id=\"301bf64f04b1\">Vibration may also highlight weaknesses in solder joints and PCB delamination. Metalic particles in hermetically sealed cases may result in short circuits as they move around.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"9358\" data-local-id=\"f7ee05c29693\">The Basquin relationship and hence vibration amplitude are defined in terms of power spectral density (PSD) and defined in terms of g2\/Hz with a typical frequency range from 20 to 2000Hz.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"9358\" data-local-id=\"f7ee05c29693\">A detailed understanding of vibration amplitude is required<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">, <\/span><\/span>as different components and assemblies have different resonant frequencies, <span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">depending on<\/span><\/span> their physical characteristics.<\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"9358\" data-local-id=\"f7ee05c29693\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9129\" src=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Screenshot-3-1024x398.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"432\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Screenshot-3-1024x398.png 1024w, https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Screenshot-3-768x299.png 768w, https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Screenshot-3.png 1137w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-renderer-start-pos=\"9358\" data-local-id=\"f7ee05c29693\"><em>Figure 3. Basquin equation<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Developing-the-Best-Stress-Strategy\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-local-id=\"47e1931ae4ad\" data-renderer-start-pos=\"9735\">Developing the Best Stress Strategy<\/h2>\n<p>Ultimately<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">, <\/span><\/span>the best strategy will depend on the product and the environment<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\"> in which<\/span><\/span> it is used. However<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">, <\/span><\/span>predefined mission profiles based on aviation, automotive<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">, <\/span><\/span>or other applications may not necessarily be the best approach to analysing stress in your product. You may choose to define each type of stress and how to quantify it on a case<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span>by<span class=\"fabric-background-color-mark\" data-renderer-mark=\"true\" data-background-custom-color=\"#d3f1a7\"><span class=\"background-color-padding-left background-color-padding-right\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span>case basis, particularly if chemical or humidity stress is a primary concern.<\/p>\n<p>By <a href=\"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/about-us\/#alastair-walker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alastair Walker<\/a>, Owner \/ Consultant<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction to Stress Factors As a consultancy working on a wide variety of safety and reliability projects, we spend a lot of our time looking at failure rates and failure probabilities. In the world of electronic hardware, there are numerous excellent sources defining failure rates, e.g. FIDES, 217Plus, IEC 61709, and the now&#8211;retired (or rather [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":9135,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9118"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9137,"href":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9118\/revisions\/9137"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9135"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lorit-consultancy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}